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The final price at which a stock trades during a regular market session, typically 4:00 PM ET. This is the price used in your weekly report.

The highest and lowest prices a stock has traded at over the past 52 weeks. Useful for understanding where the current price sits relative to its recent range.

The percentage difference between this Friday's closing price and last Friday's closing price. Reflects the stock's performance over the past trading week.

The total number of shares traded during a given period. High volume often signals strong investor interest or a significant market event.

The total market value of a company's outstanding shares. Calculated by multiplying the stock price by the number of shares outstanding.

A measure of a stock's volatility relative to the broader market. A beta above 1 means the stock tends to move more than the market; below 1 means less.

The closing price adjusted for dividends, stock splits, and other corporate actions. More accurate for measuring true long-term performance.

When a company divides its existing shares into multiple shares. A 2-for-1 split doubles the number of shares while halving the price — total value stays the same.

A company's net profit divided by the number of outstanding shares. A key measure of profitability on a per-share basis.

The stock price divided by EPS. Shows how much investors are paying for each dollar of earnings. A higher P/E often indicates higher growth expectations.

Similar to P/E but uses projected future earnings rather than past earnings. Used to value a company based on expected future profitability.

The most recent 12 months of financial data. Used to calculate metrics like EPS TTM or Revenue TTM based on the company's actual recent performance.

The total income a company generates from its business operations before any expenses are deducted. Also called the "top line."

Revenue minus the cost of goods sold. Measures how efficiently a company produces its products or services before overhead expenses.

A company's total profit after all expenses, taxes, and costs have been deducted from revenue. Also called the "bottom line."

Net income divided by revenue, expressed as a percentage. Shows how much profit a company keeps from each dollar of revenue it generates.

A Wall Street analyst's projection of where a stock's price will be in 12 months. Represents one analyst's opinion, not a guarantee of future performance.

A company's own forecast for its future revenue or earnings. When a company raises guidance, it expects to perform better than previously projected.
See: What Is a Company's Earnings Guidance? →

A cash payment made by a company to its shareholders, usually quarterly. Not all companies pay dividends — they're more common in mature, profitable businesses.

The annual dividend per share divided by the stock price, expressed as a percentage. Measures how much income you earn relative to the stock's price.

The cutoff date to be eligible for the next dividend payment. You must own the stock before this date to receive the upcoming dividend.

The total annual dividend paid divided by the number of shares outstanding. Shows exactly how much cash income each share generates per year.

A quarterly financial disclosure where a company reports its revenue, earnings, and other key metrics. One of the most market-moving events for any stock.

The scheduled date when a company will release its quarterly earnings report. Pause tracks confirmed earnings dates in your weekly report.

When a company reports earnings above (beat) or below (miss) analyst expectations. Beating estimates often leads to a stock price increase; missing often leads to a decline.

Wall Street analysts' consensus prediction for a company's earnings per share in an upcoming quarter. Companies are judged against this number when they report.

A three-month period in a company's financial calendar. Q1 is the first quarter, Q4 is the last. Not all companies follow the calendar year.

A conference call where company executives discuss quarterly results with analysts and investors. Management commentary often moves the stock as much as the numbers themselves.

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The government agency that regulates the securities industry and requires public companies to file regular financial disclosures.

The SEC's Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system. The public database where all SEC filings are stored and accessible to anyone.

A company's comprehensive annual report filed with the SEC. Contains audited financial statements, business overview, risk factors, and management discussion. Filed once per year.
See: How to Actually Read a 10-K →

A company's quarterly financial report filed with the SEC. Less detailed than the 10-K but provides important updates on financial performance. Filed three times per year.

A report filed to disclose a material event that shareholders should know about — such as an acquisition, CEO departure, or major contract. Filed as events occur.
See: What Is an SEC Form 8-K? →

Filed by company insiders (executives, directors) when they buy or sell company stock. Tracks insider transactions and must be filed within two business days.
See: Reading Insider Transactions →

A notice filed when a company insider intends to sell restricted or control securities. Signals that an executive or major shareholder plans to sell shares in the near future.
See: Reading Insider Transactions →

A document filed before a shareholder meeting that includes executive compensation details, board nominations, and items shareholders will vote on.

Filed when an investor acquires more than 5% of a company's shares. 13G is for passive investors; 13D is for active investors who may seek to influence the company.

When company executives buy or sell their own company's stock — which is legal when properly disclosed to the SEC. Insider buying is often seen as a positive signal.
See: Reading Insider Transactions →

When an analyst raises their rating on a stock — for example from Neutral to Buy. Typically signals increased confidence in the company's outlook.

When an analyst lowers their rating on a stock — for example from Buy to Hold. Signals reduced confidence, often due to valuation concerns or weakening fundamentals.

An analyst's 12-month projection for where a stock's price will trade. When an analyst raises or cuts a price target, Pause reports the firm, the old target, and the new one.

When a brokerage firm begins covering a stock for the first time and assigns an initial rating. Can move a stock significantly, especially from well-known firms.

The three basic analyst ratings. "Buy" means the analyst expects the stock to outperform; "Hold" means roughly market performance; "Sell" means underperformance expected.

The average of all analyst estimates for a company's earnings or revenue. Companies are often judged on whether they beat or miss the consensus when reporting results.

A period of rising stock prices, typically defined as a 20% or more increase from recent lows. Associated with economic growth and investor confidence.

A period of falling stock prices, typically defined as a 20% or more decline from recent highs. Associated with economic slowdowns or recessions.

A decline of 10% or more from a recent high in a stock or index. Less severe than a bear market and often considered a normal part of market cycles.

A stock market index tracking 500 of the largest U.S. publicly traded companies. Widely used as a benchmark to measure overall stock market performance.

A fund that tracks a market index like the S&P 500. ETFs (Exchange-Traded Funds) trade on exchanges like stocks. Both offer diversification at low cost.

A category of stocks that share similar business activities. Common sectors include Technology, Healthcare, Energy, Financials, and Consumer Discretionary.

The degree of price fluctuation in a stock or market. High volatility means prices move dramatically; low volatility means more stable, predictable price movement.

How easily a stock can be bought or sold without affecting its price. Large-cap stocks are highly liquid; small, thinly traded stocks may have low liquidity.

A specific upcoming event that has the potential to significantly move a stock's price — such as an earnings report, FDA decision, or product launch.

Clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for a drug or medical device. A major catalyst for healthcare and biotech stocks — approval often causes large price moves.

A scheduled event where company management presents their long-term strategy and financial outlook to analysts and investors. Often moves the stock based on guidance given.

When a company uses its own cash to buy back its shares from the market, reducing the number of outstanding shares and often boosting earnings per share.

When one company merges with or acquires another. M&A activity is often disclosed through 8-K filings and can significantly affect the stock prices of both companies involved.

When a company issues new shares to raise additional capital. Can dilute existing shareholders' ownership percentage and sometimes puts short-term pressure on the stock price.